Protista

Kingdom Protista includes livings with following features-

• Protists are unicellular eukaryotes.
• These contain well defined nucleus with nuclear membrane.

Photosynthetic-Protists-

• These are chlorophyll bearing protists and show photosynthesis. Ex-Diatoms

Protozoan Protists-

• Protozoans are unicellular ,aquatic and hetrotrophic.
• Locomotion occurs with the help of pseudopodia (Amoeba),cillia (Paramecium) nad Flagella (Euglena).
• Reproduction is by binary fission,multiple fission or sexually .

Slime molds-

•  Slime molds are saprophytic protists.

                             

                                            

                                                        Protozoans

                                                         

MONERA (Kingdom of Bacteria)

Kingdom Monera includes livings with following features-

Bacterial Cell

• Prokaryotic cell type and unicellular.
• Cell wall is without cellulose.
• Nucleus is incipient undeveloped and no nuclear-membrane is present.
• Mode of nutrition is autotrophic i.e. Chemosynthetic or photosynthetic or hetrotrophic.
• Reproduction is seen as binary fission.

Examples : Bacteria , Blue-green-algae (BGA) 

Choradata

Chordates are animal possess notochord ,dorsal hollow nerve cord and pharyngeal gill slits at any stage of life. They show following features-

• They have vertebral column and internal skeleton.

• They have bilateral symmetry and are triploblastic.

• They have coelomic cavity.

• Their body is differentiated into tissues and organs.

• Their body consists   head, neck, trunk  and tail.

• They have two pairs of fins or limbs.

• The respiration in aquatic forms is by gills and in land  forms respiration is by lungs.

  

features of Chordates

Chordates are classified in  "Pisces  ,Amphibians ,Reptilia ,Aves & Mammal.

                                                              

                                                              Pisces

These are the aquatic chordates

•         These are known as fishes .

•         Their skin is covered with scales or plates

•         They respire by gills.

•         They have streamlined body and fins which help them to move in water.

•         They are cold blooded and their heart has only two chambers.

•         They lay eggs from which the young ones hatch out.

•          Cartilaginous fish  have skeleton made of cartilage like Sharks, Rays etc.

•          Bony fish have skeleton made of bones and cartilage like Tuna, Rohu etc.

                                                                 Amphibians 

Amphibians can live in water an on land.

•         They are found in land and water.

•          They do not have scales but have mucous glands on their skin.

•          They are cold blooded and the heart is three chambered.

•          Respiration is through gills or lungs.

•          They lay eggs in water.

•             Eg :- Frogs, Toads, Salamanders etc.

Morphology Of Frog

                                            

                                                    Reptilia 

These are creeping chordates .

•         They have scales and breathe through lungs.

•         They are cold blooded.

•         Most of them have three chambered heart but crocodiles have four chambered heart.

•         They lay eggs with hard covering in water.

•            Eg :- Snakes, Turtles, Lizards, Crocodiles etc.

Examples of Reptiles

                                                

                                            Aves  (Birds)

 These are flying chordates -

• They are warm blooded animals.

• They have four chambered heart. 

• They breathe through lungs.

• They have a beak.

• They have an outer covering of feathers. 

• Their two fore limbs are modified into wings for flying. 

• They lay eggs.

   Eg :- Crow, sparrow, Pigeon, Duck, Stork, Ostrich etc. 

features in a Bird

                                                               Mammals

•         They are warm blooded animals.

•         The skin has hairs and sweat glands.

•         They have four chambered heart.

•         They have mammary glands for production of milk to nourish their young ones.

•         Most of them give birth to their young ones. Some of them lay eggs (like Platypus and Echidna).

           Eg :- Cat, Rat, Dog, Lion, Tiger, Whale, Bat, Humans etc.

A particular feature of a mammal

Examples of Mammals

Echinodermata

Animals show following features-

• Body is spiny,  bilaterally symmetrical ,triploblastic,coelomate and "Pentaradiate (five rayed)".
• Digestion system is complete .
• Water vascular system is present and helps in  respiration and transportation in body.
• Tube feet help  in locomotion.
• Excretion takes place through body surface.
• Sexual reproduction is seen.
• Ex- Star-fish ,Sea- Urchin etc.

  

  Star-Fish

  
  

  

  Star-Fish (Anatomy)

Mollusca

Animals show following features-

• Body is bilaterally symmetrical ,triploblastic and with coelom .
• Body is soft and mostly enclosed in hard shell.
• Body is divided into head,foot and visceral mass.
• Muscular foot helps in locomotion.
• Digestion system is complete.
• Open circulation system is found.
• Respiration takes place through body surface or skin.
• Excretion takes place by metanephredia.
• Animals are hermaphrodite. 
• Example - Snail ,Unio,Octopus etc.

Octopus 

Snail

Unio

Phylum-Arthropoda

Animals related to this phylum show features as- 

• Body is bilaterally symmetrical,triploblastic and with coelom.
• Body is divided in three parts i.e. head , thorax and abdomen.
• Body has jointed legs .
• Body is exoskeleton made of chitin.
• Digestive system is complete with a mouth and anus.
• Respiratory organs are “tracheae”.
• Eyes are compound. Antennae are tactile organs.
• Body cavity is called as “hemocoel”. Open circulatory system is present. Heart is dorsally placed.
• Sexes are separate . Larval stage is seen in life cycle. 

Examples- Insects (Fly,Mosquito,Bedbug, etc ) Scorpion,Crab,Spider etc.

Cockroach

Prwan

Some Arthropods

Phylum-Annelida

Features of animals related to this phylum are as -

• Body is triploblastic and bilaterally symmetrical.
• Body is  metamerically segmented.
• Body cavity is  coelom layered by mesoderm.
• Locomotion takes place by setae (in Earthworm) and parapodia (In Nereis).
• Digestive system is complete with mouth and anus.
• Gas exchange takes place through body wall.
• Circulation system is closed.
• Excretion takes place by “nephridia”.
• Some anneilids like Nereis are unisexual while some annelids like  Earthworm and Leech are hermaphrodite. Sexual reproduction is seen.
• Examples- Nereis ,Leeches and Earthworms.

• 
  
  

  Earthworm

  

  Leech 

  

  Nereis

Phylum-Nematoda

Animals are marine, fresh water or terrestrial parasitic worm.

Body is cylindrical, bilaterally symmetrical and covered by cuticle covering.

Body show adaptations for parasitic mode of life.

Body –cavity is pseudocoel.

Digestive system is complete with mouth and anus.

Respiration takes place by gaseous exchange. Circulatory system is absent.

Sexual reproduction is found.  Sexes are separate. Internal fertilization occurs.

Ex- Ascaris  etc.

Ascaris Male & Female

Phylum-Platyhelminthes

This phylum includes “flat animals”.

Animals are aquatic (fresh water or marine) or terrestrial free-living or parasitic.

Body is bilaterally symmetrical, triplobastic and dorsoventrally flat.

Digestive system is incomplete and without anus.

Other systems are absent.

Excretion takes place  with the help of  flame cell or protonephridia.

Animals are hermaphrodite and sexual reproduction takes place.

     Ex- Flat-worm, Tape-worm etc.

Liver-Fluke

Tape-worm

Phylum-Porifera

                            

·       

       This phylum includes “Pore bearing animals”.

Animals are aquatic , irregular, asymmetrical and mostly sessile.
Body bears “Pores” on body .Opening of pore is called “Ostium”.

Canal system is found in body Canal system is lined with “Collar cells” these generates water current .This water current is helpful in feeding, respiration and other vital activities.     Most animals are bisexual .Vegetative reproduction is seen in animals.

Ex- Sycon ,Spongilla ,etc .

Kingdom- Animalia

Animalia

·       Animalia is the kingdom of animals.Animals show following features-

•       Animals are multi-cellular organisms .
• ·        Cells are eukaryotic and without cell-wall.
• ·        Animals are hetrotrophic.
• ·        Animals are motile.
• ·        Sexual reproduction is seen in animals.
• ·        Animals are categorized in various phyla i.e. Porifera,Coelenterates,Platyhelminthes,Nematoda,Annelida ,Arthropoda ,mollusca, Echinodermata ,Hemichordata ,Chordata .

Kingdom-Plantae

Plantae (Plants)

An Angiospermic Plant

 Plants show following features-

• ·       Plants are eukaryotic.
• ·       Cell of plants has cell-wall, made of cellulose.
• ·       Plants are autotrophic because plants have chlorophyll.
• ·       Plants make their own food in the process of “Photosynthesis”.
• ·       Plants show “alternation of generation” in which they show two phases i.e. gametophytic and sporophytic stage alternately.
• ·       Plants are divided into various groups like Thallophyta ,Bryophyta, Pteridophyta,Gymnosprem and Angiosperms

Kingdom-Fungi

     

Fungi 

• ·        Fungi are plant like eukaryotic organisms.
• ·        These are multicllular . Yeast is unicellular .
• ·        Cell- wall  of fungi is made of  chitin and other non-cellulosic  carbohydrate.
• ·        Body of fungi is composed of thread like structure i.e. hyphae . The network of hyphae is known as Mycelium.
• ·        Fungi are saprophytic.
• ·        Asexual reproduction  takes placeby spore formation.Sexual reproduction is also seen.

      Ex- Mushroom ,Rhizopus,etc.

                                          

Classification Of Livings

 There are many kinds of livings found on our earth . Some of them resemble each other and some show different features. 

"Classification" is the the arrangement of livings into different groups on the basis of their similarities and dissimilarities in features.

Basis of classification includes -

• Types of Cell : Organism is made either of "Prokaryotic" or "Eukaryotic" cell.
• Numbers of cell : Living may be "Unicellular" or "Multi-cellular".
• Level of Organization of their body : Structure organization of a livings may be cellular grade ,tissue  grade ,Organ grade or Organ-system grade.   
• Mode of Nutrition : Organism may be autotrophic ,hetrotrophic,parasitic ,saprophytic etc.

Organisms are classified in following kingdoms-

• Monera- Kingdom of prokaryotes i.e. Bacteria and Blue green algae
• Protista- Kingdom of eukaryotes unicellular livings i.e.Protozoans (Amoeba ,Paramecium etc)
• Fungi - Kingdom of plant like ekaryotes but without chlorophyll and saprophytic mode of nutrition i.e.Mushrooms Yeast etc.
• Plantae -Kingdom of plants with cell with cell wall and chlorophyll and show autotrophic mode of nutrition.
• Animalia - Kingdom of multi-cellular animals having hetrotrophic mode of nutrition.